Tips On Where To Buy Apple MacBook Pro Laptop Online

Many shoppers are not sure of where to buy an Apple MacBook Pro Laptop online. Just trying to locate online stores selling the Apple Macbook Pro can be a bit overwhelming especially if you're new to the online world. How do you find them? Who can you trust? Is their website easy to navigate? Do they ship promptly at reasonable rates?

Fortunately for you there is at least one online store that will meet or exceed all your online shopping expectations. Amazon.com is the leader in online retail sales by a huge margin. You can be reassured if you buy an Apple i pod touch from this retail giant your shopping experience will be simple and safe.

Your choice for the Mac book Pro is a particularly smart choice for a laptop. The Apple Mac Book Pro 13, the Apple Mac Book Pro 15 and the Apple Mac Book Pro 17 are definitely  more and more popular among consumers. The latest series of Apple Mac book Pro laptops combination of high performance, stunning displays and greater expandability have resulted in many long time PC users converting over to the Macs.

Shopping online at Amazon.com can be both a fun and rewarding experience. Online since 1995 they have pioneered many aspects of shopping online. Their website is fast and easy to use. They have at least 10 shipping fulfillment centers across the United States to ensure quick and reliable delivery of your iPod Touch to your location. Their prices are very competitive and in many cases better than other online retailers. If you time it right you may even cash in on one of their special deals or sales.

Amazon is much more than a book store. They now offer thousands of items in many different categories. You will also be happy to know that free shipping is offered on many items. Some restrictions may apply so please ensure you read the details on each product page. Another great benefit of shopping for your Apple MacBook Pro at Amazon.com is the ability to research the good and the bad simply by reading actual customer reviews in real time. Here are a few excerpts from a few Apple MacBook Pro reviews:

Here's Where To Buy Laptops Online And Save $$$!

Many shoppers are not sure of where to buy laptops online. Just trying to locate online stores selling competitively priced laptops can be a bit overwhelming especially if you're new to the online world. How do you find them? Who can you trust? Is their website easy to navigate? Do they ship promptly at reasonable rates?

Fortunately for you there is at least one online store that will meet or exceed all your online shopping expectations. Amazon.com is the leader in online retail sales by a huge margin. You can be reassured if you buy a Laptop from this retail giant your shopping experience will be simple and safe.

If you're still undecided which laptop is right for you Amazon.com can easily help you with real time easy to do research. First go to the Amazon Bestsellers in Laptops page. Here you can browse the current top 100 bestselling laptops which is updated hourly. If you see a laptop on the list that interest you simply click the link for more details and be sure to read the customer reviews. They can be a goldmine of information.

If you already know which brand of laptop you want, you can simply type the brand name in the search box at the top of laptop bestseller page. To view some sample search result pages simply click the links below:

- If you're looking to buy a Sony laptop online simply enter Sony in the laptop page search box and you should see these Sony Laptop search results.

- If you're looking to buy a Toshiba laptop online simply enter Toshiba in the laptop page search box and you should see these Toshiba Laptop search results.

- If you're looking to buy an Apple laptop online simply enter Apple in the laptop page search box and you should see these Apple Laptop search results.

You should see similar results for any brand name laptop you are trying to find.

Shopping online at Amazon.com can be both a fun and rewarding experience. Online since 1995 they have pioneered many aspects of shopping online. Their website is fast and easy to use. They have at least 10 shipping fulfillment centers across the United States to ensure quick and reliable delivery of your iPod Touch to your location. Their prices are very competitive and in many cases better than other online retailers. If you time it right you may even cash in on one of their special deals or sales.

Amazon is much more than a book store. They now offer thousands of items in many different categories. You will also be happy to know that free shipping is offered on many items. Some restrictions may apply so please ensure you read the details on each product page. Another great benefit of shopping for your laptop at Amazon.com is the ability to research the good and the bad simply by reading actual customer reviews in real time.

So, if you're still trying to decide where to buy a laptop online the smartest decision would be to buy from America's largest online retailer that knows and serves online shoppers like no other.

Can Your Cell Phone Download Music?

Features of music capable phones vary depending on the technology of the phone. Some music capable phones come with built in iTunes software. Others incorporate MP3 players and include expansion slots for more memory. And others will allow you to tune into FM radio from your cellular handset. Many of these music phones will allow you a combination of the aforementioned features.

If your phone has iTunes incorporated, it will hold approximately 100 songs or so. And if you are already a user of iTunes, you can even sync your cell phone to your iTunes software by simply using a USB cable. Then you simply drag and drop your music files from your music library directly to your cell phone.

Music cell phones that include a built in stereo MP3 player will hold approximately 25 songs. In order to increase the ability to store more songs, these phones include a memory expansion slot. The number of songs that you are able to store on your memory card depends on the memory card size.

If you own a newer model smartphone, then you most likely already have an MP3 player incorporated into your cell phone. These smartphones will even allow you to download music from your computer, via such applications as Windows Media Player.

For those of you who love the idea of listening to your favorite radio station via your cell phone, many companies now offer phones that include this capability. You are able to stream live FM radio and satellite radio to your cell phone. Some companies even offer the popular Sirius satellite radio programming through built in media players.

Many mobile carriers allow cell phone users to download software to their cellular handsets that allows access to the carriers’ own music stores. Users can then choose and wirelessly download their favorite music to their cell phones for a small per usage fee.

If you have ever considered purchasing an MP3 player, then purchasing a call phone that can download music may be just the solution for you. You get access to your favorite music and the ability to keep in touch with your friends and family with one device. And since many of the newer cell phone models will fit right into your pocket, convenience and portability are never an issue.

Cell Phone Text Messaging

Cell phone text messaging is exploding worldwide. If you have been struggling to keep your cell phone bill under control, rather than change your plan again, you may consider using the text messaging feature available on almost all mobile phones. You will join the ranks of billions of cell phone text messaging users around the world and maybe even have a little fun in the process.

Usage of the text messaging feature has seen explosive growth. Statistics show that by June of 2004, an average of 100 text messages per person had been sent globally. Text messaging is a quick, convenient, and discrete way to keep in contact with your friends and loved ones that will keep you from burning extra minutes in your cell phone plan each month.

Text messaging is also known as SMS, or short message service, in the technical world. Cell phone users simply refer to them as text messages, or texts. And the popularity of the service has increased three fold over the past year in the United States alone. SMS permits the sending and receipt of text messages between cell phones and other handheld devices, such as PDAs.

Sending a text message to someone's phone is pretty simple. You simply choose the messaging feature on your cell phone, input the recipient’s phone number, and then type your message. Once you are finished typing your message, then you simply choose the send option and your message is sent. Many plans even allow you to send messages from your phone directly to an email address.

In case you are wondering, text messaging is usually a pretty affordable feature. Mobile phone companies may charge $0.10 or less per text message to send and receive text messages. This does not count towards your minutes usage and there is no additional charge.

To save even more when you use this feature, you may choose to add on a text messaging package to your current cell phone plan. Most text plans are relatively inexpensive and can be added for as little as $2.99, depending on how many messages you plan to send each month. Check with your cell phone carrier for messaging plans offered for your cell phone.

Cell phone companies count all messages that you send or receive, whether you read them or not. Messages can be up to 160 characters in length. If you receive a longer message, each 160 characters counts as a separate text message.

You can also use the text messaging feature on your cell phone to receive news alerts, ringtones, and more. However, this is normally classified as premium content and requires a subscription, which is an additional charge.

You may have even seen where many companies and television programs are using text messaging for entertainment purposes, such as voting and entering competitions. It is also used by many to play interactive games. You should keep in mind that you are charged extra for using text messaging in this manner, though.

So go ahead, start cell phone text messaging instead of idly wasting your cell phone minutes on things that can be said just as easily, and more cheaply, using text messaging.

Camera Cell Phones

These days, a good many cell phones come with a camera built right into the phone itself. Thus, these phones are called camera phones. These built in cameras are hardly noticeable and are unobtrusive to the cell phone user. Camera cell phones are hugely popular and their sales have even surpassed those of regular digital cameras.

Just as with your standard digital camera, resolution on camera phones varies. However, you can achieve virtually the same resolution on a VGA camera phone that you can achieve with a less expensive digital camera.

With current technology, camera phones are continuously being improved and upgraded. With some of the newer phones, picture quality is almost as good as some of the mid level digital cameras.

Competition among camera cell phone makers is fierce, and this is a good thing for consumers. Cell phone manufacturers continuously output better and cheaper camera phones, which gives you a wider range to choose from if you are considering a camera cell phone.

When shopping for your new camera phone, be sure to shop around and compare models, as features vary from phone to phone. Some features that you can choose from are flash, digital zoom and color adjustment. Some phones will also allow you to take self portraits.

Along with the camera feature on these cell phones, you may also be able to use the “photo caller id” feature. When someone calls you, the picture that you have stored in your phone for that person appears on the screen when the phone rings.

Other phones include the option to capture short video clips. In addition to taking photos, camera phones with video capability allow you to record short videos from your phone. This type of camera phone is rapidly increasing in popularity.

So, you have gone out and purchased a camera phone. The camera feature is great but you may be wondering what you will use it for. Besides using your phone to take the normal pictures you might take on a daily basis, there are numerous uses for your camera phone.

For example, if you are having a difficult time deciding on a clothing purchase, you might take a picture and send it to a friend for her opinion. Or suppose you are in a minor auto accident. Simply whip out your handy camera phone to take pictures of the damage and to keep track of the facts. If you are the forgetful sort, you might even decide to take a picture of the row and section where parked your car at a shopping center or in a garage.

Once you decide to buy a camera cell phone, you will invent hundreds of uses that may have never previously crossed your mind. And it only takes a second to snap a quick photo with your camera cell phone.

An Overview of Halo Chemicals

Halo chemicals are compounds that contain halogens, one of the group of elements that includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, astatine, and the as-yet undiscovered un unseptium (the existence of the latter element has been shown, but it has not yet been synthesized).

Chemical and Physical Properties of Halogens and Halo chemicals

All of the elements in the halogen group are characterized by their extremely high state of reactivity. All halogen atoms have an outer shell that contains seven electrons, and therefore is one electron short of being a full shell. This means that halogen atoms can gain the electron by reacting with other elements, which in turn makes halogens extremely reactive.

This high reactivity means that it is extremely rare to find halogens in their pure elemental form outside the laboratory. In nature, halogens are typically found as halide salts, and all "pure" halogens commonly exist as diatomic molecules, meaning that two atoms of a given halogen are bonded together.

Fluorine, for example, is so highly reactive that it can form compounds with several of the heavier noble gases, which are well-known for being largely inert. The only elements that fluorine cannot react with are the highly inert light noble gases helium, neon, and argon. Fluorine can also attack other types of inert material, such as glass.

All halogens can form compounds with hydrogen, each forming a strong acid called a hydrogen halide. Halogens can also react with each other, forming compounds called inter halogens.

Halogens are also used to create halo carbons. These are substances with one or more carbon atoms that are linked with one or more halogen atoms. The chemical reaction between carbon and halogen atoms produces strong chemical bonds called covalent bonds, which are not easily broken once formed.

Past and Present Uses of Halo chemicals

 have an extremely wide range of uses, and fluoro chemicals alone are used in a variety of different ways.

Halo carbons have been used as solvents, adhesives, sealants, pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, and refrigerants, and have been used to create plastics and plasticizers (meaning they are added to substances to increase certain desirable physical properties).

Some halo chemicals that were once widely utilized are no longer in use, due to concerns over toxicity, or environmental issues. Examples include chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) such as Freon, many types of fluorocarbons (which were once commonly used industrial solvents, but now have a much more limited range of uses), and solvents such as carbon tetrachloride and trichloro ethane, which were once available for public use but are now tightly regulated.

Two particularly well-used halogens are chlorine and fluorine, both of which are added to drinking water in many countries-chlorine as an antibacterial and anti fungal agent, and fluorine (in the form of fluoride) to strengthen tooth enamel and help prevent tooth decay.

Many substances-including pharmaceuticals, and agricultural substances such as pesticides and herbicides-also benefit in terms of factors such as stability and potency from the addition of one or more halogen atoms. The addition of a halogen is carried out in a process called halo genation (this process can actually be done in several different ways, each involving a series of specific chemical steps). In many cases, the halogen added is fluorine.

In fact, fluorine is a component of a surprisingly large percentage of modern pharmaceuticals. The addition of fluorine atoms increases the stability and potency of many drugs, and fluorine is currently added to a wide variety of pharmaceuticals, including anesthetics, antacids, anti fungal and antibiotic medicines, antidepressants, steroids, cholesterol lowering agents, and anticancer chemotherapeutic drugs.

Bluetooth Technical Operations

Bluetooth is a high speed, low powered wireless link technology that's designed to connect phones or other portable equipment together with little to no work required by the user. Unlike infrared, Bluetooth doesn't require line of site positioning to work.

Current prototype circuits are contained on a board that is 0.9 cm square, with a much smaller circuit board being developed.

When one Bluetooth device comes in contact with another, they will automatically exchange addresses and details of capability. Then, they can establish a 1 MB link with security that they will use as required. The protocols involved with handle both data and voice, with a very flexible topography.

The technology achieves its goal by embedding tiny, non expensive short range tranceivers into the devices available today. The radio operates on the 2.45 GHz frequency band, and supports up to 721 KBps, along with three voice channels.

Each devices offers a unique 48 bit address from the IEEE 802 standard, with the connections being point to point or multipoint. The max range is 10 meters, although it can be extended to 100 meters by increasing the power. The devices are also protected from radio interference by changing their frequencies, also known as frequency hopping.

What's important, is the fact that Bluetooth devices won't drain battery life. The specification targets power consumption of the device, limiting the drain on the battery. The radio chip will consume only 0.3mA in stand by mode, which is less than 5% of the power that standard phones use.

Bluetooth will also guarantee security at the bit level. The authentification is controlled by the user via a 128 bit key. The radio signals can be coded with anything up to 128 bit. With the frequency hopping, Bluetooth is already very hard to listen into.

The baseband protocol is a combination of both circuit and packet switches. Slots can be reserved for synchronous packets as well. Each packet will be transmitted in a different hop frequency. Normally, a packet covers a single slot although it can be extended to cover up to five slots.

Bluetooth can also support data channels of up to three simultaneous voice channels. Therefore, it's possible to transfer the data while you talk at the same time. Each individual voice channel will support 64 KB.

From a technical standpoint, Bluetooth is very different indeed. It's the best wireless method in the world, surpassing even infrared. For communication on the go, Bluetooth is indeed very hard to compete with.

Steam Flow Meter Used For Industrial Applications

Optical sensors used in a steam flow meter can provide safer, more accurate measurements without the need for electricity or wires, reducing the potential for fire or explosions. Accuracy in volume and velocity measurements is said to be within one half of one percent and new models claim to not only be able to measure the flow of steam but also the amount of water present.

A few steam flow meters can take measurements in both directions in applications where flow may have to be reversed for maintenance of safety reasons as well as measuring saturated steam due to the extreme temperatures involved.

With temperature of steam being extremely high, intrusive flow measuring equipment often failed due their exposure to the high temperatures. By being able to install a non-intrusive steam flow meter that can measure not only the flow, but also the saturation of the steam can be helpful in many applications. The saturation measurements show what percent of the steam is in water form.

Steam Measured By Volume Not Mass

A typical steam flow meter will give the measurement in volume instead of mass, as the pressure of the steam will affect the mass and accuracy is nearly impossible to attain. If the steam pressure doubles, the density will double and its mass will double, however the volume will remain constant. In most cases a pressure valve will restrict the flow at the end use to maintain a constant pressure. This however may increase pressure at the boiler.

Proper maintenance is required on all steam generating equipment to insure the accuracy of the steam flow meter readings. Boilers are by nature in a harsh environment and rust and corrosion are common causes of breakdowns. Intrusive type of steam flow meters can also be affected by this environment. Monitoring of the equipment is a must, as is frequent calibration of the metering device to insure accurate readings at the process end.

A miscalculated steam flow meter could allow too much steam, consequently too much pressure to build up and damage critical equipment. Steam is produced for the purpose of a specific process. Whether it's to provide heat or power to a source, therefore the amount of steam released to the process needs to be accurately measured.

Since most steam flow meters utilize orifice plates in their measurements, they must be check frequently due to their penchant to wear and give false or inaccurate readings. Simple precautions and preventive maintenance can reduce costly repairs and unscheduled down time.

Board-by-Board Optimization

use as each board type enjoys its own thermal profile in your surface mount oven, each board type also enjoys its own board-wave parameters in your wave machine

The optimal dwell time for that board was found to be 3.6 seconds, in contrast to 2.8 seconds for the first board. As you can see, the “dwell time profiles” of the two boards are different. This process resulted in dramatically lower defect rates for the second board studied (which had also been previously run at 1.0 seconds), although never quite as low as the new baseline which was attained for the first board. This strongly indicates the presence of sources of defects unrelated to dwell time, for example non-optimal immersion depth or design problems.

Immersion Depth

Changing your immersion depth changes your contact length and dwell time. This makes the direct and accurate measurement of immersion depth critical. Your pump speed produces a wave height (although this can diminish as your solder pot empties of solder), but the actual immersion depth of your boards depends on several factors, including solder pot height, how they sit in the fingers, if your fingers are bent, broken or crooked, the angle of your conveyor and whether or not pallets are used.

Yet controlling your immersion depth - measuring it and keeping it consistent - is only one piece of the puzzle. Another is: At which immersion depth is your board quality optimized? This point is illustrated by figure 4. See that the defect rate of the board represented by the blue bars is optimized over a different range (48 mil, or even 36 to 60 mil) than the board represented by the yellow bars (at 24 to 36 mil). So, different board types benefit most from different immersion depths.

Quantifying Cost Benefits

Prior to this study, yield loss was tracked on a monthly basis as a measure of the cost of production failures. Production volume for the board studied was 11,000 per month.

1.) With the implementation of optimal dwell time procedures using the described device, yield loss went from 3.0% (330 boards) to 1.6% (176 boards) in the first month of daily use.

2.) This meant a reduction in yield loss of 154 boards per month. For a 30 day month, this means 5.13 boards per day.

3.) At 0 for the cost of each board, cost reduction based on improved yield loss alone was ,200 per month, which annualizes to 4,400.

4.) That means that the return on investment on the device used in the study was less than five days.

Conclusion: A seemingly small daily improvement in wave solder quality meant fast, very large, measurable monthly and annual cost savings. These figures do not even account for the valuable savings from benefits like reduced rework and field failures, less downtime and increased throughput, each of which in its own right can be more valuable than the rapid savings on yield loss.

An Overview of Specialty Fluorochemicals

Fluorine has a number of chemical properties that make it particularly desirable for a wide variety of different industrial, commercial, and even medical applications. In particular, it is the most electronegative and the most highly reactive of all the elements, and readily forms compounds with all elements except for the three lightest noble gases. One particularly useful property of fluorine is that it forms strong and stable covalent bonds with carbon.

Due to these important and highly useful chemical properties, specialty fluorochemicals have numerous applications in a range of industries. The addition of fluorine or fluorine substituents improves the desirable qualities of an amazingly wide variety of compounds including pharmaceuticals, plastics, elastomers, and surfactants.

One of the most well-known uses of fluorine is the addition of fluoride to drinking water and toothpastes, to strengthen tooth enamel and help prevent tooth decay. There are many more highly specific uses of fluorine and specialty fluorochemicals, most of which are concentrated in the industrial, agricultural, and pharmaceutical industries.

Types and Uses of Specialty Fluorochemicals

Agricultural Uses: The addition of fluorine to many agricultural herbicides, pesticides, and fungicides improves the potency and therefore reduces the required application rate of these substances.

Photoresists: These polymers are used in semiconductor lithography. The addition of fluorine or fluorinated substituents to photoresists improves desirable chemical and physical properties.

Surfactants: Fluorine is a key component of surfactants and related compounds such as stain repellants.

Dyes: Adding fluorine or fluorinated substituents to many dyes improves their chemical and light resistance, and also their fixation yield.

Liquid Crystals: Adding fluorine to liquid crystal for use in display devices improves desirable chemical and physical properties such as the viscosity and miscibility of the liquid.

Plastics and Elastomers: With the addition of fluorine, these substances become more chemically and thermally stable. Due to these desirable properties fluoroplastics and fluoroeslastomers are used in a variety of ways, including in wiring insulation, gaskets and seals, hoses, and laboratory equipment.

Ion-Exchange Membranes: The use of fluorinated polymers allows ion-exchange membranes to be used in harsh environments, as the addition of fluorine improves the chemical and thermal stability of the membranes.

Custom-made Fluorochemicals: One particularly advantageous aspect of fluorine is that it can be added to a wide variety of chemical substances to increase stability, potency, and other desirable qualities. This means it is often possible to create custom-made specialty fluorochemicals.

A Closer Look at Fluorocarbons

Fluorocarbons are a particular type of fluorochemicals in which fluorine atoms are covalently bonded to carbon atoms in varying numbers and configurations. These covalent bonds are strong and stable, and this has been a major reason for the widespread of use fluorocarbons for a variety of applications. Fluorocarbons have been used as lubricants, propellants, refrigerants, solvents, and in water and stain-repellent products.

Concern over the slow environmental degradation of fluorocarbons has led to reduced usage of many of these substances. Some, such as carbon tetrachloride, were once available for public use, but are now much more tightly regulated. Most fluorocarbon solvents now have a much more limited range of industrial uses.

Some fluorocarbons (such as Freon) have a particularly bad reputation, however, due to their use as refrigerants and propellants. These have commonly contained chlorine in addition to fluorine. While the strong fluorine-carbon bonds make these substances highly resistant to environmental degradation, the addition of chlorine makes them highly reactive and destructive to the earth’s ozone layer. For this reason, the use of chlorofluorocarbons has been largely discontinued.

Despite environmental concerns, some fluorocarbons (such as fluoroplastics and fluoroeslastomers) are still in common use. One example is Teflon, which is a very common component of non-stick cookware.

The Use of Fluorine in Pharmaceuticals

One increasingly widespread application of specialty fluorochemicals is in the pharmaceutical industry, in which the ability of fluorine to improve the existing properties of other chemicals makes it enormously useful.

Simply by adding fluorine, the pharmacological properties of a drug can be improved in potency quite significantly, allowing for the use of lower doses to achieve the same effect as was previously gained.

Aside from this highly desirable property, another important advantage of adding fluorine to pharmaceuticals is that the shape of the resulting fluorochemical is largely unchanged. This is particularly important because the bioactivity of many drugs is highly dependent on the shape of the chemical compound.

One drawback, however, is the fact that the addition of fluorine improves the stability of pharmaceuticals. While this is an enormous advantage for most other specialty fluorochemical applications, in the pharmaceutical industry this is not always the case, because in some cases, improving the stability of a drug can reduce its metabolic degradation.

Currently, up to 50% of all modern pharmaceuticals contain fluorine. These include anesthetics, antidepressants, antifungals and antibiotics, antacids, cholesterol lowering agents, steroids and other anti-inflammatory agents, and certain types of anticancer chemotherapeutic drugs.

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About the Author
Stephanie Larkin is a freelance writer who writes about issues and topics pertaining to the use of chemicals such as Fluorochemicals